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| 535 |
| | | Belisarius lands in Sicily at the start of a five-year campaign to recover Ravenna for the Byzantine emperor | |
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| 537 |
| | | The great domed church of Santa Sophia, bebuilt on the orders of Justinian, is completed after only five years of construction | |
|  | Santa Sophia
Fotofile CG
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| 547 |
| | | Justinian and Theodora, each with a retinue of attendants, face each other in mosaic from the walls of San Vitale in Ravenna | |
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| c. 550 |
| | | Most of Spain is by now in the hands of the Visigoths, though for a while the Byzantines win back territories in the south | |
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| c. 584 |
| | | Byzantine Italy is brought under a new administration, or exarchate, based in Ravenna | |
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| 614 |
| | | Jerusalem falls to the Persian emperor Khosrau II after a siege of a month, and it is said that 60,000 Christians are massacred | |
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| 615 |
| | | When the Persians sack Jerusalem, they carry off to Ctesiphon Christianity's most sacred relic - the True Cross | |
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| 627 |
| | | The Byzantine emperor Heraclius recovers the True Cross from Ctesiphon | |
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| 638 |
| | | The Arab capture of Jerusalem brings Palestine and Syria under Muslim control | |
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| 642 |
| | | The unopposed capture of Alexandria by the Arabs completes the Muslim conquest of Egypt | |
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